INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
ENGL 4740
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN LANGUAGE STUDIES
GRADED ASSIGNMENT 2
PREPARED BY:
KHAIRUNNISA BINTI
SABAWI 0923712
IDAWATI BINTI
PANDARWAN 0936754
NADIA SYAZNEEN BINTI MOHAMAD
SANUSI 0921458
SITI MAIZALAIZZAH AKMA BINTI
ADNAN
0936558
SECTION 1
PREPARED FOR:
DR. ROZINA BINTI ABDUL GHANI
SEMESTER 2, 2012/2013
Introduction and Objective
This study is about asynchronous computer
mediated communication (CMC) which focuses on the comments of Youtube’s video.
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is defined as any communicative
transaction that occurs through the use of two or more networked computers.
While the term has traditionally referred to those communications that occur
via computer-mediated formats (e.g., instant messaging, email, chat rooms), it
has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as text
messaging. Asynchronous can define as a non real time communication for example
email, bulletin board and blog.
Research on CMC focuses largely on the social
effects of different computer-supported communication technologies. Many recent
studies involve Internet-based social networking supported by social software.
YouTube is a video-sharing website, created by three former PayPal employees in
February 2005, on which users can upload, view and share videos.
The videos on Youtube displays a wide variety of user-generated video content,
including movie clips, TV clips, and music videos, as well as amateur content
such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational videos. Most of
the content on YouTube has been uploaded by individuals.
The objectives of this paper are to discover
what types of process commonly used in the comments on Youtube’s video. Besides
that, this study also will figure out which types of process the least be used
in this asynchronous computer-mediated communication (CMC) and this study also
will explain and include why the process been chosen.
Literature Review
Youtube is world’s fastest growing web
sites. It is one of popular video-sharing websites which provides many videos
for the people to watch video-clip, TV clips and music videos, as well as
amateur content such as video blogging, short original videos, and educational
videos. This website was created by three former employees of PayPal in
February 2005.
The founders of Youtube are Chad
Hurley, Steve Chan and Jawed Karim (Adam Woong, 2008). However the media does
not pay attention so much to the third founder Jawed Karin as he has not been
active in the company as the other two. After he helps Chad Hurley and Steve
Chan start Youtube, he decided to leave the company as he wants to further
his study in science computer. Although he left the company, he still remains
as an advisor to the company and keeps many share of stock
According to Adam Woong (2008), the three
founders started their ideas in 2004 when they are talking about their hardship
to search for videos they want. They believe there are easy way to solve the
problem and furthermore they could figure out the way to do it. Besides, during
that time there was one site which provides video-sharing which was
shareworld.com and it was the first website for video sharing. It started in
1997 but soon went out of business because during that time the technology was
not good enough to share and send videos. But in twenty first century, the
technology had become powerful and for the three founders, it was the right
time for them to create a website for video-sharing. The website which they had
created able the people to post or upload short clip on this side and everybody
who goes to that site can view the video clips.
Through Youtube, people able to look for
their interest. People able to post anything they want and they are given
freedom to decide what they should post. They also can watch anything which was
related to their interest for example those who are interested with gardening
they can watch other gardeners in action.
The data which has been collected from one of
the Youtube’s page is going to be analysed using the method taught in one of
the subjects offered in Department of English Language and Literature (DELL);
Grammatical Analysis (GA). Grammatical Analysis is one of the subjects which
are made compulsory for the students of Bachelor of English Language and Literature
(BENL) in order for them to graduate. While learning GA, students get to
re-learn how to label the word group in more detailed manner, learn how each
sentence can bring different speech function; to inform, to question, to state,
etc. In the subject Grammatical Analysis, students are exposed to three types
of metafunctions which are the core or the focus in the subject. They are
Experiential Metafunction, Interpersonal Metafunction and also Textual
Metafunction. All three metafunctions deal with the verbs which will be
dissected into different categories or labels which are unique to each
metafunctions. This paper will be focusing more on the first type of
metafunction; Experiential Metafunction.
Experiential Metafunction concerns with the content of the sentence or a
message. The content of each message contain the information of processes
(Verb), participants (Noun), and in a certain circumstances (Adverbial).
Basically, there are six processes in Experiential Metafunction; Mental,
Material, Behavioral, Verbal, Existential, and Relational. Each verb will be
labeled according to these processes which depended on the context of the
sentence where the actions of the doer took place. Mental process involves the
feelings of the doer; perception, affection, cognition, volition. Hence, verbs
like seeing, loving, admiring, remembering, desiring, wishing and others of its
kind belonged to this type of process. On the other hand, material process is
the type of action which involves doing and happening, real tangible actions.
For example, caught, run, wrote, give are included in material process. When
mental process involves the psychological state of the doer, behavioural
process in contrast involves both the doer’s psychological and physiological
behaviour. For instance, ‘I am thinking’, ‘I am tasting’, ‘I am looking’ are
all fall under this process. Experiential metafunction, deals with expressing
what ‘exists’ and what ‘does not exist’ which are differentiated by the use of
the word ‘there’. An example of sentence which consists of verb of experiential
process is “There is a book there.” Lastly, relational process which deals or
concerns with the state of being or having. For instance, the sentence ‘Nadilla
is an intelligent student’ is an example of relational process whereby the word
‘is’ is the verb in the sentence.
Methodology
This study is done on the topic of synchronised
mode of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC). Asynchronised mode in CMC is
chosen as the field of study because it is more suitable for analysis compared
to synchronised mode which is the real time type of communication, and thus it
will be harder to be analysed. The data collected is the comments from a
Youtube’s page, with a video entitled ‘Life before Hijab; falling in love’.
Youtube is chosen as the medium for this study because the comments on the
video is informal and thus is very unique to be analysed using Experiential
Metafunction, as taught in Grammatical Analysis course. The video is chosen out
of all videos because it is related to the religion and of women’s attire and
thus, has attract the researchers to listen to it and study on the comments
which have been posted by other people who have listened to it. The total data
on the video is about 366 comments.
The comments are narrowed down into a few random
comments in order to ease the tedious process of analysing. The participants
involve in the study which are the commentators have been chosen randomly based
on their comments. Based on the names that are used by the participants in
their Youtube’s account, it can be assumed that they are all from different
countries. Experiential metafunction is chosen to be the method of analysis
because it is the most basic metafunction among all three and because it is also
the most interesting type of analysis. Experiential metafunction consists of
six types of processes which are the label for each verb; mental, material,
behavioural, verbal, existential and relational. The processes are then counted
and put into a table.
Findings and Interpretation
The study on asynchronised mode of Computer
Mediated Communication (CMC) on a Youtube’s video has been done with the method
of Experiential Metafunction as taught in Grammatical Analysis course. The data
chosen was from the comments on the video posted by a Muslim woman named Amena.
From the analysis, it has been found out that among of all six processes,
Material process is the most frequent mode used by the commentator. This is
probably caused by people’s intention of doing something and action that they
think will benefit them.
Looking through the theme of the video which are
religious-based and changes, apparently it shows action of the person who
posted the video which is from bad to good. Hence, changes are all about action
that certain people do. Furthermore, the video kind of inspiring other people
to do the same changes, thus resulted in material processed used the most to
describe action that they will take or probably narrate their own story or
action. Material processed used in the comments helps the commentators to make
the reader be clear about their intentions.
Mental process came second and also seems to be
used often by the commentators. This might be because the video has intrigued
other people’s feelings and provoked them to express their own opinion and
perceptions on the matter discussed. Mental process was used frequently after
Material process; probably because of the commentators are discussing the
matter of divine being, spiritual, and the religion of Islam.
Hence, the issue being discussed is the one with
no physical state of being and is more understood only in the mind and heart by
the individuals. Moreover, the commentators are also sharing and talking about
their own experiences on the issue of wearing Hijab and expressing their
opinions on that. This is also another reason why mental process is used a lot
because people tend to use verbs like ‘feel’ ‘think’ ‘wish’ ‘hope’ and others
alike when they are expressing their feelings.
Apart from that, mental process is one of the
most used is because of the medium used which is the video through Youtube. In
order for others to really get or to feel the emotions used by the readers
about the video, they used words like ‘feel’, ‘think’, ‘wish’, ‘hope’ and many more
to express their emotions and their opinions. They used intangible words like
‘love’, ‘adore’ or ‘hate’ to show what they think about the video.
In addition, the process that was used the most
after Material and Mental is Relational. Relational process used to describe
something and make the sentence more understandable. For example the word such
as ‘is’ ‘was’ ‘are’ acts as a descriptive verb in a sentence thus make
Relational one of the most frequently used process in the comments.
Appendix
Raw Data
Analysis of the Comments
I’m
not Muslim…but I find the
hijab very beautiful…!! I myself want to wear
it not only because
(MEN)
(MEN) (MAT)
its
beautiful but I love
the modesty..and I don’t like
guys looking at me..I
been reading the Koran
(MEN) (MEN) (BEH) (BEH)
and
so far I love it..
Thank you for sharing
your life story.
(MEN) (MAT)
|
find
|
want
|
wear
|
love
|
like
|
looking
|
reading
|
love
|
sharing
|
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
BEH
|
BEH
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
Beautiful
video mashaAllah. Very well said.
(VER)
|
said
|
|
VER
|
Hi.
I’m not Muslim but recently I’ve myself researching the modesty side of the Islamic faith.
My
(MAT)
own
faith values modesty as
well but sometimes I don’t feel
modest enough. I know
heavenly
(MEN)
(MEN) (MEN)
Father
(which is the LDS
term for God. By the way)
cares about me either way but still. I can
(REL)
(MEN)
relate to learning more about
faith and it leading to things. Goodness, that’s (is) rambling..emm
(MEN) (REL)
(VER)
sorry
if that’s (is)
not clear.
(REL)
|
researching
|
values
|
feel
|
know
|
is
|
cares
|
relate
|
‘s (is)
|
rambling
|
‘s (is)
|
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
REL
|
VER
|
REL
|
Wow
my journey started
very similalrly. I read
the biography of our beloved Muhammad (pbuh)
(MAT)
(MAT)
and
completely fell in
love. I felt my heart
soften and felt emotions
I had never experienced.
This
(MEN) (MEN) (MEN) (MAT)
actually
began right before
ramadhan of this year. Alhamdulillah. Such a great video.
(MAT)
|
started
|
read
|
fell
|
felt
|
felt
|
experienced
|
Began
|
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MashaAllah..It’s
been 6 months I am wearing
hijab now! I did it
by myself Alhamdoulillah..I am
(MAT) (MAT)
19
and it was hard
for me because I love taking care of my hair.
But we are here
to please Allah
(REL)
(MEN) (MAT) (REL) (MEN)
and
not the people. I think
we should always renew our
intentions because we always tend to
(MEN) (BEH)
|
wearing
|
did
|
was
|
love
|
taking care
|
are
|
please
|
think
|
renew
|
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
BEH
|
forget why we are really wearing
hijab. And always fight
against shaytan. How old were
you
(MEN) (REL)
(MAT)
(REL)
when
you begin to wear
hijab?
(MAT)
|
forget
|
are
|
fight
|
were
|
wear
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MAT
|
Maybe
you could add the
point that modesty is
not only for dressing but also for behavior and
(MAT) (REL)
also
that if you wear the
hijab properly and for the right reasons, it automatically sows
(BEH) (MAT)
modesty
in your heart, which gets
reflected in your words, thoughts and deeds. May Allah bless
(REL) (MAT)
us
all and strengthen
our imaan.
(MAT) [metaphorical]
|
add
|
is
|
wear
|
sows
|
gets reflected
|
bless
|
strengthen
|
|
MAT
|
REL
|
BEH
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
Assalamualaikom
sister…from 7:20 onwards, the video is like a flashback of my own life! Those
(REL)
were exactly my
feelings too before I started
wearing the hijab.
Ditto with the reason behind
(REL)
(MEN) (BEH)
finally
making the decision to observe hijab…nice video
mashaAllah…
(MEN) (MEN)
|
is
|
were
|
started
|
wearing
|
making
|
observe
|
|
REL
|
REL
|
MEN
|
BEH
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
Beautiful video although disagree
that Allah made the universe for our Prophet peace be
upon
(Mat)
him, its stated
clearly that Allah did not create the universe
except that man and jinn worship
(Ver) (Mat)
Him Salaam Amena, I feel
like you are describing my life as I'm listening to this video. I am
yet
(Men) (Rel)(Mat) (Rel)(Beh) (Rel)
|
made
|
stated
|
create
|
feel
|
are
|
describing
|
‘m (am)
|
listening
|
am
|
|
MAT
|
VER
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
REL
|
BEH
|
REL
|
no a hijabi as and unfortunately I wasn't as lucky as you to have met
influential Muslimah's in
(Rel)
(Mat)
college. I remember
attempting to go to MSA talks and I just felt so uncomfortable and
judged
(Men)
(Men)
(Men)
because I was
not a hijabi..sigh anyway. Insha'Allah soon I will figure
things out a bit more.
(Rel) (Men)
Thank you. Take care.
(Ver)
|
wasn’t
|
met
|
remember
|
felt
|
judged
|
was
|
figure
|
Thank
|
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MEN
|
VER
|
I don't want to
sound silly.. But when I start wearing the
hijab, do I have to wear only abayas
(Men)
(Mat)(Mat) (Mat)
or can I wear
other clothing?
(Mat)
|
want
|
start wearing
|
wear
|
wear
|
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
Salam aliakum! Abayas/jilbabs are best. Here is a link to a site
which gives a good overveiw
(Rel) (Rel) (Mat)
Of what is proper hijab. It's not written by a scholar though, but it does give
good evidence.
(Rel) (Rel) (Mat)
(Mat)(Mat)
|
are
|
is
|
gives
|
is
|
‘s (is)
|
written
|
does
|
give
|
|
REL
|
REL
|
MAT
|
REL
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
hahaha you can wear
other clothing besides abayas XD Amena is wearing something
that isn't
(Mat)
(Rel)(Mat)
an abaya in this video ^w^ It looks more like a sweater
(Mat)
|
wear
|
is
|
wearing
|
looks
|
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
"Sallalahu alayhi wa
sallam" which essentially means Peace Be Upon him.
(Men)
Asalamualakum Amena baji, i just wanted to request if you could do a
bunch of make-up
(Men) (Mat)
tutorials? Your so pretty
Masha'Allah and your makeup skills are too hehe c: ,
so please consider
(Rel)
uploading more make-up tutorial
videos. I'm already addicted to your channel,
but if you post
(Men)
(Mat)
make-up videos, i'll be glued to them hahah. Jaza kala khair baji ! :D <3
(Mat)
|
means
|
wanted
|
do
|
are
|
addicted
|
post
|
glued
|
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
You are
just an amazing woman!
(Rel)
Very educated,smart and just
beautiful!
(Men)
Such an inspiration!!!
|
are
|
educated
|
|
REL
|
MEN
|
Amenakin.. I absolutely love your videos, you are such a great
inspiration, you are one of the
(Men)
(Rel)
(Rel)
youtubers that inspired me
to explore different hijab styles and make me wanna make youtube
(Men) (Mat) (Men)
(Mat)
videos even though I was really shy.. anyway just a comment to say thank you for helping me
(Rel) (Ver)
with something I really enjoy :) xxx
(Men)
|
love
|
are
|
are
|
inspired
|
make
|
wanna
|
make
|
was
|
thank
|
enjoy
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
REL
|
VER
|
ENJOY
|
And at :36 she says subhan wa a tala (which
means glorified and exalted
is he)...we say that
(Ver)
(Men)
(Rel) (Ver)
when referring to Allah(swt) :)
Hope this helps
(Mat)
|
says
|
means
|
is
|
say
|
helps
|
|
VER
|
MEN
|
REL
|
VER
|
MAT
|
Sister maria after the prophets name sister amena says salallah hu wala lay hi wa salam which
(Ver)
basically means may the peace
and blessings of Allah(swt) be upon him:) it's a form of respect
(Mat)
for our beloved prophet(saw).
where is your
shirt from??
(Rel)
(Rel)
|
says
|
means
|
is
|
is
|
|
VER
|
MAT
|
REL
|
REL
|
You have got a
good, clean, heart sister; it shows on your face.
May Allah (swt) bless you and
(Mat)
(Mat)
(Mat)
your family inshallah.
|
got
|
shows
|
bless
|
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
such a lovely video... i feel my iman isnt as strong as it
used to be (not that it was
ever
(Men) (Rel) (Mat) (rel)
particularly strong to begin with!),
im not sure why that it.. im looking for inspirational reads to
(Rel)
(Rel)
help with this and to also increase the little knowledge i have.. any recommendations
will be
(Mat) (Mat)
(Mat) (Mat)
much appreciated!
x
(Men)
|
feel
|
is
|
used
|
was
|
‘m (am)
|
‘m (am)
|
help
|
increase
|
appreciated
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
REL
|
REL
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
I love it
when you make videos like this! I feel like
you're gonna have some crazy stories to tell
(Men) (Mat) (Men) (Rel) (Mat)
your kids when they're older. Blue and pink hair! Haha you are crazyy sistaaa!
(rel)
(Rel)
|
love
|
make
|
feel
|
‘re (are)
|
tell
|
‘re (are)
|
are
|
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
REL
|
REL
|
Mashallah I loved
everything you said and the way in which you said it.
(Men) (Ver) (Ver)
|
loved
|
said
|
said
|
|
MEN
|
VER
|
VER
|
Muhammad
a.s. is the
reason why Allah created
this universe???!!!! Very strange opinion…
(REL)
(MAT)
|
is
|
created
|
|
REL
|
MAT
|
This
is the opinion of
some of the scholars and there is
hadith, although some say
weak,
(REL) (EX) (VER)
supporting
this. Allah knows best.
(MEN)
|
is
|
is
|
say
|
knows
|
|
REL
|
REL
|
VER
|
MEN
|
I
believe in that too.
Mohammed and his “msg” Islam were the reason and all the prophets
(MEN) (REL)
a.s.
before him came to prepare people to Islam.
(MAT) (MAT)
|
believe
|
were
|
came
|
prepare
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
Sister
Amena, I was wondering if
you could show us
how to style
hoodies and sweaters in a
(MEN) (MAT)
(MAT)
modest
way considering that fall is
here and we need to dress warmer.
(REL) (MEN)
(MAT)
|
was wondering
|
show
|
style
|
is
|
need
|
dress
|
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
How
did u do this
style…plz add the
link or do this
style…n above all video is
the bestttt
(MAT) (MAT) (MAT)
(REL)
Out
of all your uploads this has to be simply one of the best, keep it up In Shaa Allah
(MEN)
Subhan’Allah
sister :D
|
do
|
add
|
do
|
is
|
keep it up
|
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MEN
|
This
made my day -3
(MEN)
She
is amazing
mashalah where is
she originally from????
(REL)
(REL)
|
made
|
is
|
is
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
REL
|
The
more you talked in this
video I just feel so
grateful to Allah for making me a muslim,
(VER) (MEN)
you
are so
inspirational I cant say
that enough! I’d love
to meet you one day
! :) x
(REL) (VER) (MEN) (MAT)
|
talked
|
feel
|
are
|
say
|
love
|
meet
|
|
VER
|
MEN
|
REL
|
VER
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
Lmao@Rock
chick at the time, that put
a smile on my face, I was
one too, and I’m
finally
(MAT)[metaphorical] (REL) (REL)
going
to stay committed
to it, Can you do a
video on the negativity and hard critics you got
(MAT)
(MAT) (REL)
on
your hijab? Thank
you.
(VER)
|
put
|
was
|
‘m (am)
|
stay
|
do
|
got
|
Thank
|
|
MAT
|
REL
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
REL
|
VER
|
Sister
Amena…I can absolutely relate
to you! I’m a new
hijaabi, kicked it off
during
(MEN) (REL) (MAT)
Ramadhan
2012! And I was
firstly inspired by my
University friends who are
wonderful
(REL)
(MEN) (REL)
Hijaabi
girls, but I shunned away the
idea thinking that ‘how would I look like?’, ‘what
(MEN)
|
relate
|
‘m (am)
|
kicked it off
|
was
|
inspired
|
are
|
shunned away
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MEN
|
would
people say?’ and
things like that, but Alhamdulillah, the real and irrevocable intention
(VER)
came in when I was heading home one late
afternoon in the bus…and here started the
(MAT)[metaphorical] (MAT) (MAT)
journey
to a blissful destiny-My beloved Hijaab!
|
say
|
came
|
heading
|
started
|
|
VER
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
I’m so glad for you! I wish I can wear it too one day in
shaa Allah :)
(REL) (MEN) (MAT)
|
‘m (am)
|
wish
|
wear
|
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
This
is so true not
only wearing the hijab but also changing your whole weardrobe is another
(REL) (REL)
big
change that you must be willing
to make to please God even more. I think changing
(MEN)
(MAT (MEN)
(MEN)
your whole weardrobe is something a girl has to do to please God
(REL)
(MAT)
(MEN)
Masha
Allah well explained.
|
is
|
is
|
willing
|
make
|
please
|
think
|
is
|
do
|
please
|
|
REL
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
I
loved watching this, it
gave me goosebumps
:’) ‘hugs from an arab girl in the middle east’
(MEN)
(MAT)
Muslim
and a rock chick :D :D :D :D LOL. That killed me :D
(MAT)
|
loved
|
gave
|
killed
|
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
Masha
Allah…nice video
GREAT
JOB, SISTER :)
Off
topic, where did you get
this top? :)
(MAT)
|
get
|
|
MAT
|
We
are slaves, we
must go out to the
street and react to
this video Zionist made
for us (if
(REL)
(MAT) (MAT) (MAT)
you
have a
television, you only can get
Zionist Programming out of that demon machine!
(REL) (MAT)
|
are
|
go out
|
react
|
made
|
have
|
get
|
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MAT
|
Muslims addicted to Zionist reactionary fabricated news,
what is the next
ummah self
(MEN) (REL)
neglect
crisis? Ipad addiction?
|
addicted to
|
is
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
Thank you so much for this
Amena! May Allah SWT reward
you :)
(MEN) (MAT)
|
Thank
|
reward
|
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
Be sure, sis. The hijab,
which Allah wants you
to wear is not,
what you wear……..be sure!
(REL) (MEN) (MAT) (MAT)
(REL)
mashaAllah
great video :)
|
Be
|
wants
|
wear
|
wear
|
be
|
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
REL
|
wanna know how many muslims are already brainwashed to stare at the television like
a
(MEN)(MEN) (REL) (MEN) (BEH)
regular
Westerner? Just show
a cheap ridiculous anti-muslim video and talk about it thru
(MAT) (VER)
Dajjal
Entertainment (anti-Christ television in general) how many Muslims act as if there
(MAT)
was power in the media, and that Allah has no power to deliver them from the slavery the
(REL) (REL) (MAT)
chose
from having network television in the home like dumb idiots blind and deaf to
reality
of
Allah and the Last Day
|
wanna
|
know
|
are
|
brainwashed
|
stare
|
show
|
talk
|
act
|
was
|
has
|
deliver
|
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MEN
|
BEH
|
MAT
|
VER
|
MAT
|
REL
|
REL
|
MAT
|
Salaam
sister. I am not muslim, but I considering
covering up when I get married just because I
(MEN) (MAT) (MAT) (MAT)
believe in modesty very much
and drawing away from
one’s appearance to the words that they
(MEN) (MEN)
say instead. You’ve (have) been such an inspiration for me, and you actually were the first time I
(VER) (REL) (REL) (REL)
heard about non-Muslim women
wearing hijab. Thanks so much for your lovely personality
(MEN)
words
of wisdom!
|
considering
|
covering
|
get married
|
believe
|
drawing away
|
say
|
‘ve (have) been
|
were
|
heard
|
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
VER
|
REL
|
REL
|
MEN
|
Salaam
sister..I read your
comment MashaAllah that is
very nice you have their..but it’s like
(MAT)
(REL)
you’ve(have) had a bite
from a cake and liked
it…how would it be if the whole cake was offered
(REL)
(MEN)
(MAT)
to
you...you have
creator and he loves
you. He provides
for you and gave
you all the things in
(REL) (MEN) (MAT) (MAT)
|
read
|
is
|
‘ve (have)
|
liked
|
offered
|
have
|
loves
|
provides
|
gave
|
|
MAT
|
REL
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
your
life that you enjoy…I invite
you to believe in your
creator , your lord…the one who gave
(MEN)
(MEN)
(MAT)
life
and to him you will return
when we die and the
He shall raise us
up and judge between
(MAT) (MAT) (MAT) (MEN)
us…don’t waste this precious life
(REL)(MEN)
|
invite
|
believe
|
gave
|
return
|
die
|
raise
|
judge
|
don’t
|
waste
|
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MEN
|
She
hasn’t made that
video yet..i think she
just wrote that so
in future she makes
it people can
(MAT) (MEN) (MAT) (MAT)
see it by clicking here.
(MEN)
|
made
|
think
|
wrote
|
makes
|
see
|
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
Yea
I know I was just playing around…I can read the description you know..thanks anyway
(MEN) (REL) (MAT)[metaphorical] (MEN)
|
know
|
was
|
read
|
know
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
SUbhanallah
when you talked
about the prophet sallahualayhiwasallam you made me so happy
(VER)
(MAT)
I
just checked ur
channel this morning and I could not see any new video…one of my Best
(MAT) (MEN)
friends
just told me about
it and I flew to come and see k!!
(VER) (MAT) (MAT)
(MEN)
|
talked
|
made
|
checked
|
see
|
told
|
flew
|
come
|
see
|
|
VER
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
VER
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
I am considering wearing Hijab and I believe that as long as you don’t show a lot of skin, it
(MEN) (MEN) (MAT)
doesn’t matter if you wear loose clothes or
not.
(REL) (MAT)
|
considering
|
believe
|
show
|
does (do)
|
wear
|
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MAT
|
I think its awesome that you dyed your hair
(MEN) (MAT)
I
think so too. I always wanted to die my hair purple or
pink, when I was
growing up. I was
too
(MEN) (MEN) (MAT)
(REL) (REL)
|
think
|
dyed
|
think
|
wanted
|
die
|
was
|
was
|
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
REL
|
REL
|
afraid to go for it, though. It is awesome to do such things in one’s
youth, I think.
Obviously,
(MEN) (MAT) (REL) (MAT) (MEN)
most
people will not be
able to go for such
ideas later in life. I wished
I had the courage
(REL) (MAT)[metaphorical] (MEN) (REL)
back
then.
|
afraid
|
go
|
is
|
do
|
think
|
be
|
go
|
wished
|
had
|
|
MEN
|
MAT
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
MEN
|
REL
|
Amenakin
I was wondering what
your opinion is
on the controversy and riots that has
(MEN) (REL) (REL)
been
coursed.
(MAT)
|
wondering
|
is
|
has
|
coursed
|
|
MEN
|
REL
|
REL
|
MAT
|
Everyone
should have just ignored
the video to avoid even making it relevant.
(MEN)
|
ignored
|
|
MEN
|
I
just agree with that, ignoring is best and better pray to keep one’s faith
(MEN) (MEN)(REL) (MAT)
|
agree
|
ignoring
|
is
|
pray
|
|
MEN
|
MEN
|
REL
|
MAT
|
I’m
13 and I started
wearing hijab a year ago, your videos help me so much!!
(MAT) (MAT)
|
started
|
help
|
|
MAT
|
MAT
|
|
Processes
|
Quantity(s)
|
|
Mental
|
92
|
|
Material
|
102
|
|
Behavioural
|
7
|
|
Verbal
|
|
|
Existential
|
2
|
|
Relational
|
80
|
SUMMARY ABOUT LANGUAGE USE IN ASYNCHRONOUS COMPUTER-MEDIATED
COMMUNICATION IN TAIWAN
This paper will discover how Chinese-English bilinguals in Taiwan
practice their languages through Asynchronous computer-mediated communication
via Bulletin Board System and Email.
Aim
To investigate how code-switching is recognized through varieties
of writing system in online environment.
Introduction
There are two previous research projects which become the
reference for this paper which is by Huang in 2008. Two types of main data are
used which are emails collected from a Chinese-English bilingual social network
in Taiwan and postings collected from two Taiwanese BBS websites
The main aim of this research is to address two issues which are
1 The adaptations of writing systems in online advertisement
2 Language choices in multilingual contexts in order to further
our understanding of how bilinguals use their linguistic repertoires in online
environment
Background literature
Code-switching
According to Haugen (1953) the term code-switching is used by the
speaker which means that the speaker stops using language A and uses language
B.
However, Gumperz (1982) states that code-switching refers to
variety of language.
Computer mediated
communication
It is defined as communication that takes place between human beings
via the instrumentality of computers which can be further divided into
synchronous and asynchronous CMC in terms of time delay. (Herring, 1996)
According to Hine (2000), CMC can be divided into three which are
text-based, audio visual and mixed forms.
CMC gives a big impact on people’life and it also becomes one of
the most researcher areas nowadays (Crystal, 2001; Danet & Herring, 2007;
Hinrichs, 2006; Warschauer 2006)
The study has also found about the popularity of
email and BBS in Taiwan. Besides that, it has also done research on other
matters such as the length of time used by users when they are using the
internet. Due to the popularity of the computer medium, the use of language has
also developed as often mentioned by previous research. For instance, it can be
seen in the overwhelmed use of English by professionals and also the use of
Romanised version of Egyptian Arabic instead of the classical Arabic. One of
the previous researches has also found that two immigrant students in US
adopted the use of mixed code of variety English language. Aside from all that,
the study also did research on the language used in Taiwan. There are two major
spoken languages there; Mandarin and Taiwanese, whereas Mandarin is the
official language and is used in the domains of education, government, business
interaction and also has been used in formal settings. On the other hand,
Taiwanese is the native language of almost 70% of the population there. English
language has been used increasingly in Taiwan, in various newspapers, magazines
and several types of writings. The Ministry of Education has also decided to
extend the teaching to English in order to promote the internationalization of
English language.
Another matter being discussed in the study is the writing systems in Taiwan
which uses three systems; standard written Chinese (SWC), Chinese Zhuyin and
English alphabet. SWC is actually used to represent Mandarin while Chinese
Zhuyin is used in order to aid the Mandarin pronunciation. It has 37 special
symbols which represent the Mandarin sounds. Nowadays, it is used to represent
both Mandarin and also Taiwanese. Conversely, English is used commonly in
magazines, newspapers, novels and several other types as mentioned previously.
The methodology part of the study mentions about the purpose of the study, the
main data which have been collected, the aim of the study, and also the method
of selection for the participants.
There are two research questions developed for
the study; 1) What are the CS patterns between languages in email and on BBS?,
2) What are CS patterns between writing systems in email and on BBS?. The
finding part revealed that there are two levels of CS which have been
identified in the study; 1) CS between languages, 2) CS between writing
systems. The findings found are also different compared to previous study which
observed CS only at conversational level.
The following illustrates examples of CS between Mandarin and
English.
Example 1 and 2 shows that the main language is Mandarin, with
English being inserted in the sentence.
Example 3 illustrates the only case of Cs between Mandarin and
Taiwanese, where the Taiwanese lexical item is inserted in the
mandarin- based sentence.
Example 4 illustrates:
From example 4, we can conclude:
Mandarin is the main language
Taiwanese and English items being inserted in
the sentence
CS between writing systems in Emails
CS can occur between different writing systems and that
patterns are different from those between language.
The data reveals that there are 4 patterns of CS between writing systems;
CS between SWC and Zhuyin (11.56%)
CS between SWC and English alphabet (68.71%)
CS between English alphabet and Zhuyin (0.68%)
CS between SWC, Zhuyin and English alphabet (19.05%)
CS between Languages on BBS
The BBS data identifies two levels of CS
CS between language
CS between writing systems
As in the email corpus, the language used
in BBS include;
Mandarin
Taiwanese
English
Three patterns of CS between language were identified;
CS between Mandarin and Taiwanese (33.42%)
CS between Mandarin and English (53.55%)
CS between Mandarin, Taiwanese and English (13.03%)
The difference may be explained by two aspects;
One concerning the selection of participants in
the two mediums
Participants
were recruited through a social network.
Email
language used may be restricted to this particular group.
Language
use can be interpreted as a reflection of the broader Taiwanese BBS community.
Concerning the time of collection
I. Email corpus (2001-2004), BBS corpus (2006-2007)
II. The
changes in language choice and language use in online environment
III. Taiwanese seems to be used frequently between
2006 and 2007.
CS between Writing Systems on BBS
There are three writing systems found to be at use on the BBS
websites: SWC, Zhuyin and English alphabet. Based on the three
writing systems, the number of CS instances between writing systems is
illustrated in the table below.
Table 6: Tokens of CS between writing systems
Three patterns of CS between writing systems were identified: CS
between SWC and Zhuyin, CS between SWC and English alphabet, CS
between SWC, Zhuyin and English alphabet. Table 7 shows that
CS occurs most frequently between SWC and English alphabet followed by between
SWC and Zhuyin, and then between SWC, Zhuyin, and
English alphabet in both BBS websites.
Table 7: Patterns of CS between writing systems
As can be seen from Table 1 until Table 7, there
is no one-to-one correspondence between the two levels of CS. CS between
languages does not necessarily lead to CS between writing systems and vise
versa. This finding is interesting since it is often believed that CS between
languages elicits CS between writing systems. However, the data reveals
otherwise. For instance, when CS occurs between Mandarin and Taiwanese,
this often does not lead to CS between writing systems since both languages are
written in SWC. When there is CS between writing systems such as SWC and Zhuyin,
this does not lead to switching between languages since both systems are to
represent Mandarin.
Moreover,
CS does not occur between Taiwanese and English in both the email and BBS
corpus. This may be attributed to the fact that since there is no standardized
writing system for Taiwanese, it is more difficult for the online users to
represent the language systematically, thus opting for Mandarin, which has long
been identified with SWC. Similarly, CS does not occur between Zhuyin and
English alphabet. This may be explained by the fact that Zhuyin is
traditionally used for aiding the learning of Chinese characters and it main
appears in textbooks or children’s books.
Further, the Zhuyin symbols are
mainly used as discourse markers in conjunction with SWC as illustrated in the
examples. Hence there are instances of CS between SWC, Zhuyin, and
English, but not between Zhuyin and English. Finally when
comparing the patterns of CS between the two mediums, we see that the patterns
of CS are similar, with variations in the number of tokens in each pattern. As
discussed, such differences can be explained by two factors: one concerning
participants and the other concerning the time of data collection.
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